PPWR Art. 24: How the 50% Void Space Rule Works
Packaging sold online or in grouped formats must keep empty space below 50% from 2030. Here's exactly how to calculate your void ratio and what counts as necessary space.
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EU compliance guides and regulation deep-dives.
CBAM: What Importers Need to Know About the Carbon Border Tax in 2026
The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism became fully operational on 1 January 2026. Importers of cement, steel, aluminium, fertilisers, hydrogen, and electricity must now purchase CBAM certificates. Here's how the cost is calculated.
Read article →GDPR Fines: How Regulators Actually Calculate Penalties
The EDPB's Guidelines 04/2022 set out a step-by-step methodology for calculating GDPR fines. Understanding it reveals which factors move the needle most: and what you can do to reduce exposure.
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